Monday, 14 September 2026
The Global Post Emblem
The GlobalPost
Advertisement
Front Page/Global Politics/The London hospital funded by donors who invested in the slave tr...
Global Politicsvia The Guardian
14 September 2026 at 13:0013 min read

The London hospital funded by donors who invested in the slave tr...

The London hospital funded by donors who invested | Analysis

The London hospital funded by donors who invested in the slave tr...

High-resolution curated imagery via The Guardian wire syndication.

Executive Takeaways • Key Intelligence
  • Strategic intelligence desk confirms key developments surrounding St Barts is one of many UK institutions whose benefactors we...
  • International stakeholders analyze: The Great Hall was a grand, formal space where governors weighed their philanthr
  • Multilateral policy, financial liquidity, and regulatory frameworks face direct realignments.
Advertisement

In an authoritative intelligence dispatch verified through The Guardian, significant international developments have emerged regarding The London hospital funded by donors who invested in the slave trade. Observers across key diplomatic, corporate, and policy corridors are actively parsing the immediate impact, as corroborated by verified wire filings. St Barts is one of many UK institutions whose benefactors were involved in the trafficking of enslaved Africans Inside the Great Hall of St Bartholomew’s North Wing, alongside stately portraits of the apostle from whom London’s oldest hospital takes its name and King Henry VIII, extravagant commemorative boards adorn the walls. The Great Hall was a grand, formal space where governors weighed their philanthropic donations and drafted their wills, many while investing in the stock of companies built on the trafficking of enslaved Africans. Today, many of those donors are commemorated in acrylic gold paint on the boards. Continue reading... Close dialogue1/9Next imagePrevious imageToggle captionPrint subscriptionsSearch jobs Sign indocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { /** The checkbox input element used to toggle the navigation menu. */ const navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('header-nav-input-checkbox'); /** The veggie burger button element used to open/close the menu. */ const veggieBurger = document.getElementById('header-veggie-burger'); /** List of menu items that should be selectable when the menu is open. */ const expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll( '.selectableMenuItem', ); /** The root element of the expanded menu. */ const expandedMenu = document.getElementById('header-expanded-menu-root'); /** The label for the first column in the menu, assumed to be "News".*/ const firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button'); /** The link element in the second list item under news links. */ const firstColLink = document.querySelector( '#newsLinks > li:nth-of-type(2) > a', ); /** * Focuses on the first navigation element depending on whether the first column label is visible. * * If the first column label is not visible, the function focuses on the first link element. * Otherwise, it focuses on the first column label. */ const focusOnFirstNavElement = () => { if (window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none') { firstColLink.focus(); } else { firstColLabel.focus(); } }; /** * Updates ARIA attributes and tabindex values based on whether the menu is open or closed. */ const updateAttributesForMenu = (isOpen) => { firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isOpen ? 'true' : 'false'); veggieBurger.setAttribute( 'data-link-name', isOpen ? 'header : veggie-burger : hide' : 'header : veggie-burger : show', ); expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach((tag) => { tag.setAttribute('tabindex', isOpen ? '0' : '-1'); }); }; /** Toggles the navigation menu by simulating a click on the checkbox. */ const toggleMainMenu = () => { if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.click(); } }; /** * Handles keydown events to toggle the menu when the Enter or Space key is pressed. */ const keydownToggleMainMenu = (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { e.preventDefault(); toggleMainMenu(); } }; /** * Handles click events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Toggles the menu open/close state when the menu button (veggieBurger) is clicked. */ const handleMenuClick = (e) => { const menuButtonClicked = navInputCheckbox === e.target; const clickInsideMenu = expandedMenu.contains(e.target); const menuIsOpen = navInputCheckbox.checked if (menuButtonClicked && !menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else if (menuButtonClicked && menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }; /** Adds event listeners to manage the navigation menu. */ if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click', handleMenuClick); veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu); document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Escape' && navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu(); veggieBurger.focus(); } }); /** * Handles mouse down events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Closes the menu if the click occurs outside both the menu button and the expanded menu. */ document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target) && !veggieBurger.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); } });UKUK editionUS editionAustralia editionEurope editionInternational editionThe Guardian - Back to homeThe GuardianNewsOpinionSportCultureLifestyleShow moreHide expanded menudocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })NewsView all NewsUK newsUS politicsWorld newsClimate crisisMiddle EastUkraineFootballNewslettersBusinessEnvironmentUK politicsScienceTechGlobal developmentObituariesdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })OpinionView all OpinionThe Guardian viewColumnistsCartoonsOpinion videosLettersdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })SportView all SportFootballCricketRugby unionTennisCyclingF1GolfBoxingRugby leagueRacingUS sportsdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })CultureView all CultureFilmMusicTV & radioBooksArt & designStageGamesClassicaldocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })LifestyleView all LifestyleThe FilterFashionFoodRecipesTravelHealth & fitnessWomenMenLove & sexBeautyHome & gardenMoneyCarsSearch input google-search SearchSupport usPrint subscriptionsSearch jobsHire with Guardian JobsHolidaysLive eventsAbout UsDigital ArchiveGuardian Print ShopPatronsGuardian LicensingThe Guardian appVideoPodcastsPicturesNewslettersToday's paperInside the GuardianGuardian WeeklyCrosswordsWordiplyCorrectionsTipsSearch input google-search SearchSearch jobsHire with Guardian JobsHolidaysLive eventsAbout UsDigital ArchiveGuardian Print ShopPatronsGuardian LicensingAnimation: Alexander Purcell. Illustrations by Diana EjaitaEnslaving nationSlaveryThe London hospital funded by donors who invested in the slave tradeSt Barts is one of many UK institutions whose benefactors were involved in the trafficking of enslaved Africans @font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:600;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:900;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/full-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:900;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Titlepiece;src:url(https://interactive.guim.co.uk/fonts/garnett/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://interactive.guim.co.uk/fonts/garnett/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://interactive.guim.co.uk/fonts/garnett/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}.horizontal{position:relative;overflow:hidden;width:calc(100% + 20px);margin-left:-10px}@media (min-width: 30em){.horizontal{width:calc(100% + 40px);margin-left:-20px}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.horizontal{width:738px}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.horizontal{width:978px;margin-left:-20px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.horizontal{width:1138px;margin-left:-181px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.horizontal{width:1298px;margin-left:-260px}}.horizontal .inner{display:grid;grid-template-rows:auto;grid-auto-flow:column;gap:50px;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;height:100vh;height:100lvh;padding-bottom:10vh;background-color:var(--article-background, #121212)}.horizontal .inner section{flex-shrink:0;height:90vh;height:calc(100lvh - 10vh)}.horizontal .inner section figure{display:flex;height:100%;min-width:-moz-max-content;min-width:max-content;margin:0}.horizontal .inner section figure div{width:100%;height:100%;min-width:-moz-max-content;min-width:max-content}.horizontal .inner section figure div picture{height:100%}.horizontal .inner section figure div picture img{width:-moz-min-content;width:min-content}[data-app-os=ios] .horizontal{height:100dvh!important}[data-app-os=ios] .horizontal .inner{height:100dvh}[data-app-os=ios] .horizontal .inner section{height:calc(100dvh - 10vh)}article .content__main-column--interactive .reduce-opacity{opacity:.1;transition:opacity 1s ease}article .content__main-column--interactive .reduce-opacity.fade-in{opacity:1}article .content__main-column--interactive blockquote.reduce-opacity{opacity:.5}article figure.element--immersive figcaption{visibility:hidden;width:0;padding:0;margin:0}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (max-width: 29.99em){article figure.element--immersive{padding-inline:10px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 30em) and (max-width: 61.24em){article figure.element--immersive{padding-inline:20px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 46.25em){article figure.element--immersive{width:780px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 61.25em){article figure.element--immersive{width:980px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 71.25em){article figure.element--immersive{width:1100px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 81.25em){article figure.element--immersive{width:1260px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{visibility:visible;padding:4px 10px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 30em){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{padding:4px 20px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 61.25em){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{padding:4px 0}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (max-width: 71.24em){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{width:unset}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 71.25em){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{width:140px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) and (min-width: 81.25em){article figure.element--immersive figcaption{width:220px}}.scroll-tooltip{font-size:14px;font-family:Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-weight:800;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;z-index:20;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#fffc 25%,#fff0 80%);width:100%;height:100vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center;gap:4px;padding-bottom:20vh;color:#1a1a1a}.scroll-tooltip.extra-help{padding-bottom:0;background:#fffc;justify-content:center}.sticky-captions{--sticky-caption-height: 10vh;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:10;max-width:620px;width:100%;height:var(--sticky-caption-height);min-height:var(--sticky-caption-height);background-color:#fff;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:4px 10px 20px;gap:10px;overflow:hidden}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.sticky-captions{border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);margin-left:170px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.sticky-captions{margin-left:249px}}.sticky-captions .caption{height:100%;width:100%;min-width:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.sticky-captions .caption svg{float:left;height:10px;width:15px;margin:4px 4px 0 0}.sticky-captions .caption svg path{fill:var(--caption-text)}.sticky-captions .caption p{font-size:14px;line-height:130%;font-family:Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:var(--caption-text);display:inline;white-space:normal;overflow:visible}.sticky-captions .caption p.is-long{display:block;min-width:0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.sticky-captions .caption p.caption-measurer{display:block;max-height:100%;position:absolute;inset:0;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.sticky-captions .caption p.caption-measurer:before{content:"";float:left;width:15px;height:10px;margin:4px 4px 0 0}.sticky-captions .btn-toggle-captions{min-width:0;padding:0;flex:1 0 20px;background-color:transparent;border:none;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;align-self:flex-end;margin-bottom:calc(10vh - 48px);height:24px}.sticky-captions .btn-toggle-captions svg{transition:transform .6s ease,scale .3s ease;scale:1;transform:rotate(-90deg);width:21.6px;height:21.6px;will-change:transform}.sticky-captions .btn-toggle-captions:hover svg{scale:1.08;cursor:pointer}.sticky-captions.expanded{height:-moz-min-content;height:min-content;overflow:visible}.sticky-captions.expanded .caption{height:auto;overflow:visible}.sticky-captions.expanded .caption p{display:inline;white-space:normal;overflow:visible}.sticky-captions.expanded .caption p.caption-measurer{display:none}.sticky-captions.expanded .btn-toggle-captions svg{transform:rotate(-45deg)}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Semibold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-SemiboldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:600;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:900;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:900;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Titlepiece;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__main-column--interactive{margin-left:160px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.content__main-column--interactive{margin-left:240px}}.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom{max-width:620px}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom{max-width:100%}}.content__main-column--interactive .element-showcase{margin-left:0}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-showcase{max-width:620px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-showcase{max-width:860px}}.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{max-width:1100px}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{width:calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px));position:relative;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:calc(-50vw + var(--half-scrollbar-width, 0px))!important;margin-right:calc(-50vw + var(--half-scrollbar-width, 0px))!important}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{transform:translate(-20px);width:calc(100% + 60px)}}@media (max-width: 71.24em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{transform:translate(0);width:auto}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.content__main-column--interactive .element-immersive{max-width:1260px}}.content__main-column--interactive p,.content__main-column--interactive ul{max-width:620px}.content__main-column--interactive:before{position:absolute;top:0;height:calc(100% + 15px);min-height:100px;content:""}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__main-column--interactive:before{border-left:1px solid #dcdcdc;z-index:-1;left:-10px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.content__main-column--interactive:before{border-left:1px solid #dcdcdc;left:-11px}}.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:12px}.content__main-column--interactive p+.element-atom{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px}.content__main-column--interactive .element-inline{max-width:620px}@media (min-width: 61.25em){figure[data-spacefinder-role=inline].element{max-width:620px}}[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) figure.loop figcaption:not(.hidden){z-index:6}[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) figure.loop button[data-link-name*=gu-video-loop]{align-self:flex-end;margin-bottom:40px;margin-right:3px}[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) figure.loop .controls-container div:has(button[data-testid=unmute-icon]),[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) figure.loop .controls-container div:has(button[data-testid=mute-icon]){right:0;padding-left:10px}[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) #caption-button{z-index:100}@media (min-width: 61.25em){[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.loop) #caption-button{bottom:20px}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){[data-gu-name=media]:has(figure.cinemagraph) .cinemagraph>div{max-height:unset}}[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]{width:100%;max-width:620px;display:block;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px}[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo] figure.loop,[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo] figure.loop video{width:100%;height:auto;max-width:620px;margin:0 auto}[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive){max-width:unset;margin:12px 0}[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive) figure.loop,[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive) figure.loop video{max-width:unset;margin:0}@media (min-width: 71.25em){[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive){width:1140px;margin-left:-180px}[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive) figure figcaption{margin-left:20px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){[data-gu-name=body] gu-island[name=SelfHostedVideo]:has(figure.loop.element-video-immersive){width:1300px;margin-left:-260px}}:root{--dateline: #606060;--headerBorder: #dcdcdc;--captionText: #999;--captionBackground: hsla(0, 0%, 7%, .72);--feature: #c70000;--new-pillar-colour: var(--primary-pillar, var(--feature))}:root:root{--subheading-text: var(--secondary-pillar);--pullquote-text: var(--secondary-pillar);--pullquote-icon: var(--secondary-pillar);--block-quote-text: var(--article-text)}:root:root blockquote{--block-quote-fill: var(--secondary-pillar)}@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){:root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]){--subheading-text: var(--darkmode-pillar);--pullquote-text: var(--darkmode-pillar);--pullquote-icon: var(--darkmode-pillar)}:root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]) blockquote{--block-quote-fill: var(--darkmode-pillar)}}.content__main-column--interactive .element.element-atom,.element.element-atom{padding:0}.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content__main-column--interactive hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,.content__main-column--interactive hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#article-body>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,#article-body>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,.content--interactive>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,.content--interactive>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#comment-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,#comment-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,[data-gu-name=body] hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,[data-gu-name=body] hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type,#feature-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p,#feature-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p{padding-top:14px}.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,.content__main-column--interactive hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#article-body>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,#article-body>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,.content--interactive>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,.content--interactive>div hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#comment-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,#comment-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,[data-gu-name=body] hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+.element-atom+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+.sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body .element-atom:first-of-type+figure:has(gu-island[name=UnsafeEmbedBlockComponent])+#sign-in-gate+p:first-of-type:first-letter,#feature-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+p:first-letter,#feature-body hr:not(.last-horizontal-rule)+.ad-slot-container+p:first-letter{font-family:Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Guardian Headline Full,Georgia,serif;font-weight:700;font-size:111px;line-height:92px;float:left;text-transform:uppercase;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:8px;vertical-align:text-top;color:var(--drop-cap, var(--new-pillar-colour))}.content__main-column--interactive hr+p,.content__main-column--interactive hr+.ad-slot-container+p,#article-body>div hr+p,#article-body>div hr+.ad-slot-container+p,.content--interactive>div hr+p,.content--interactive>div hr+.ad-slot-container+p,#comment-body hr+p,#comment-body hr+.ad-slot-container+p,[data-gu-name=body] hr+p,[data-gu-name=body] hr+.ad-slot-container+p,#feature-body hr+p,#feature-body hr+.ad-slot-container+p{padding-top:0}.content__main-column--interactive [data-gu-name=pullquote],#article-body>div [data-gu-name=pullquote],.content--interactive>div [data-gu-name=pullquote],#comment-body [data-gu-name=pullquote],[data-gu-name=body] [data-gu-name=pullquote],#feature-body [data-gu-name=pullquote]{max-width:620px}#maincontent figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#feature-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#standard-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#comment-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption{position:static!important;width:100%;max-width:620px}@media (min-width: 71.25em){#maincontent figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#feature-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#standard-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#comment-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption{position:absolute!important;max-width:140px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){#maincontent figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#feature-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#standard-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption,#comment-article-container figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase figcaption{max-width:220px}}.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{width:calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px))}@media (max-width: 71.24em){.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{max-width:978px}.element.element--immersive.element-immersive figcaption{padding-inline:10px}}@media (max-width: 71.24em) and (min-width: 30em){.element.element--immersive.element-immersive figcaption{padding-inline:20px}}@media (min-width: 46.25em) and (max-width: 61.24em){.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{max-width:738px}}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{margin-left:-10px!important;margin-right:0!important;left:0}}@media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em){.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{margin-left:-20px!important}.element.element--immersive.element-immersive figcaption{padding-inline:20px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){[data-gu-name=body] figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase,[data-gu-name=body] .content__main-column--interactive figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase{margin-left:-160px!important}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){[data-gu-name=body] figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase,[data-gu-name=body] .content__main-column--interactive figure.element.element--showcase.element-showcase{margin-left:-240px!important}}.furniture-wrapper{position:relative}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper{display:grid;grid-column-gap:20px;grid-row-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:[title-start headline-start meta-start standfirst-start] repeat(5,1fr) [title-end headline-end meta-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(5,1fr) [portrait-end];grid-template-rows:[title-start portrait-start] .25fr [title-end headline-start] 1fr [headline-end standfirst-start] .75fr [standfirst-end meta-start] auto [meta-end portrait-end]}.furniture-wrapper #headline>div:first-child,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline]>div:first-child,.furniture-wrapper .headline>div:first-child{border-top:1px solid var(--headerBorder)}.furniture-wrapper #meta,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta]{position:relative;padding-top:2px;margin-right:0}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst .content__standfirst,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst .content__standfirst,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] .content__standfirst{margin-bottom:4px}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst ul li,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst ul li,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] ul li{font-size:20px}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst li a,.furniture-wrapper .standfirst a,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst li a,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst a,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] li a,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] a{border-bottom:none;background-image:none!important;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:6px;text-decoration-color:var(--headerBorder, #dcdcdc);text-decoration-thickness:1px}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst li a:hover,.furniture-wrapper .standfirst a:hover,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst li a:hover,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst a:hover,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] li a:hover,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] a:hover{text-decoration-color:var(--new-pillar-colour)}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p:first-of-type,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p:first-of-type,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p:first-of-type{border-top:1px solid var(--headerBorder);padding-bottom:0}}@media (min-width: 61.25em) and (min-width: 71.25em){.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p:first-of-type,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p:first-of-type,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p:first-of-type{border-top:unset}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper figure{margin:0 0 0 -10px}.furniture-wrapper figure[data-spacefinder-role=inline].element{max-width:630px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.furniture-wrapper{grid-template-columns:[title-start headline-start meta-start] repeat(2,1fr) [meta-end standfirst-start] repeat(5,1fr) [title-end headline-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(7,1fr) [portrait-end];grid-template-rows:[title-start portrait-start] 80px [title-end headline-start] auto [headline-end standfirst-start meta-start] auto [standfirst-end meta-end portrait-end]}.furniture-wrapper #meta:before,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta]:before{content:"";width:540px;position:absolute;top:0;background-color:var(--headerBorder);height:1px}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p{border-top:unset}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst:before,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before{content:"";width:1px;background-color:var(--headerBorder);height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:.5px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.furniture-wrapper{grid-template-columns:[title-start headline-start meta-start] repeat(3,1fr) [meta-end standfirst-start] repeat(5,1fr) [title-end headline-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(8,1fr) [portrait-end];grid-template-rows:[title-start portrait-start] .25fr [title-end headline-start] 1fr [headline-end standfirst-start meta-start] .75fr [standfirst-end meta-end portrait-end]}.furniture-wrapper #meta:before,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta]:before{width:620px}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst:before,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before{left:-.5px}}.furniture-wrapper .article-header .content__labels>div,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=title] .content__labels>div{padding-top:2px}.furniture-wrapper #headline h1,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1,.furniture-wrapper .headline h1{font-weight:600;max-width:620px;font-size:32px}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.furniture-wrapper #headline h1,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1,.furniture-wrapper .headline h1{max-width:540px;font-size:50px}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.furniture-wrapper .keyline-4,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines]{margin-right:0}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper .keyline-4,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines]{display:none}}.furniture-wrapper .keyline-4 svg,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] svg{stroke:var(--headerBorder)}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.furniture-wrapper #meta,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta]{margin-right:0}}.furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social,.furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social ul li a span,.furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__comment,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social ul li a span,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__comment{border-color:var(--headerBorder)}.furniture-wrapper #meta .content__meta-container_dcr>div>gu-island,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .content__meta-container_dcr>div>gu-island{display:none}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]{margin-left:-10px;padding-left:10px;position:relative}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.furniture-wrapper .standfirst,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]{padding-top:2px}}.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p,.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p{font-weight:400;font-size:20px;padding-bottom:14px}.furniture-wrapper #main-media,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media]{position:relative;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:2px;grid-area:portrait}.furniture-wrapper #main-media div div,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] div div{width:100%;margin-inline:0}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper #main-media,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media]{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.furniture-wrapper #main-media,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media]{width:calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px));margin-left:-10px}}@media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em){.furniture-wrapper #main-media,.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media]{margin-left:-20px}}.furniture-wrapper figcaption{position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:4px 10px 12px;background-color:var(--captionBackground);color:var(--captionText);max-width:unset;margin-bottom:0;min-height:46px}.furniture-wrapper figcaption span{color:var(--headerBorder)}.furniture-wrapper figcaption span svg{fill:var(--headerBorder)}.furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(1){display:none}.furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(2){display:inline;max-width:90%}@media (min-width: 30em){.furniture-wrapper figcaption{padding:4px 20px 12px}}.furniture-wrapper figcaption.hidden{opacity:0}.furniture-wrapper #caption-button{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:10px;right:8px;z-index:30;background-color:var(--captionBackground);border:none;border-radius:50%;padding:6px 5px 5px}.furniture-wrapper #caption-button svg{transform:scale(.85)}@media (min-width: 30em){.furniture-wrapper #caption-button{right:10px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__main-column--interactive:before{top:-12px!important;height:calc(100% + 24px)!important}}.content__main-column--interactive h2{max-width:620px}@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){:root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]){--follow-text: #dcdcdc;--follow-icon-fill: var(--darkmode-pillar);--standfirst-text: #dcdcdc;--standfirst-link-text: var(--darkmode-pillar);--standfirst-link-border: var(--darkmode-pillar);--byline: var(--darkmode-pillar)}}:root:root{--pillar-400: var(--primary-pillar);--pillar-200: var(--secondary-pillar);--pillar-500: var(--darkmode-pillar);--headerBorder: #606060;--block-quote-text: #dcdcdc}:root:root blockquote{--block-quote-fill: unset}.content__main-column--interactive:before{border-color:#606060}.furniture-wrapper figcaption,.furniture-wrapper figcaption span{color:var(--caption-text)}.furniture-wrapper figcaption{padding:4px 42px 12px 10px;--caption-text: #DCDCDC}.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] a{text-decoration:none!important;border-bottom:1px solid var(--standfirst-link-border)}.element.element--immersive.element-immersive{width:100%}.content__main-column--interactive .caption p{--article-text: var(--caption-text) }.furniture-wrapper figcaption{width:100%}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media]{margin-bottom:0}}.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] div{height:100%;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.furniture-wrapper figure{margin:0;background:transparent}}:root:root{--pillar-500-hover: color-mix( in srgb, var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc) 90%, #1a1a1a );--article-background: #1a1a1a;--editorial-button-text: #1a1a1a;--pullquote-background: #1a1a1a;--share-button-hover: #1a1a1a;--sub-meta-background: #1a1a1a;--sub-meta-text-hover: #1a1a1a;--article-border: #606060;--article-link-border: #606060;--article-meta-lines: #606060;--share-button-border: #606060;--standfirst-link-border: #606060;--straight-lines: #606060;--pullquote-border: #606060;--caption-text: #999999;--blockquote-text: #dcdcdc;--dateline: #dcdcdc;--follow-text: #dcdcdc;--headline-colour: #dcdcdc;--mobile-color: #dcdcdc;--standfirst-text: #dcdcdc;--sub-meta-label-text: #dcdcdc;--sub-meta-text: #dcdcdc;--textblock-text: #dcdcdc;--article-link-border-hover: var(--pillar-500-hover);--article-link-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--article-link-text-hover: var(--pillar-500-hover);--byline-anchor: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--editorial-button-background: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--editorial-button-background-hover: var(--pillar-500-hover, #dcdcdc);--editorial-button-border-hover: var(--pillar-500-hover, #dcdcdc);--series-title-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--share-button: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--standfirst-link-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--byline: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--drop-cap: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--follow-icon-fill: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--pullquote-icon: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--pullquote-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--subheading-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--textblock-bullet-background: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc)}:root:root article{--article-text: #dcdcdc}:root:root .content__standfirst a:hover{--standfirst-link-border: var( --pillar-500, #dcdcdc )}:root:root blockquote{--block-quote-fill: var(--pillar-500, #606060)}:root:root [name=RichLinkComponent] div{--rich-link-background: #1a1a1a;--rich-link-background-hover: #333333;--rich-link-header: #dcdcdc;--rich-link-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--rich-link-fill: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc)}:root:root hr{background-color:var(--article-border)}@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){:root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]){--article-link-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--article-link-text-hover: var(--pillar-500-hover);--byline: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--standfirst-text: #dcdcdc;--standfirst-link-text: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc);--textblock-bullet-background: var(--pillar-500, #dcdcdc)}}.scroll-tooltip{background:linear-gradient(0deg,#000c 25%,#0000 80%);color:#dcdcdc}.scroll-tooltip svg path{fill:#1a1a1a;stroke:#999}.scroll-tooltip.extra-help{background:#000c}.sticky-captions{background-color:#1a1a1a}@media (scripting: enabled){:root article.content--interactive>div,:root .article{opacity:0}:root.interactive-loaded article.content--interactive>div,:root.interactive-loaded .article{opacity:1;transition:.25s opacity .25s ease}}@media (scripting: enabled) and (prefers-reduced-motion){:root.interactive-loaded article.content--interactive>div,:root.interactive-loaded .article{transition:.25s opacity .1s ease}}:root:root{--table-of-contents: #dcdcdc;--table-of-contents-border: var(--headerBorder);--expandable-atom-background: #333333}@media (min-width: 46.25em){[data-gu-name=body] [name=TableOfContents] details{border-left:1px solid var(--headerBorder);max-width:620px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:10px;padding-top:20px}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){[data-gu-name=body] [name=TableOfContents] details{margin-left:150px}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){[data-gu-name=body] [name=TableOfContents] details{margin-left:229px}} (() => { const el = document.createElement("script"); el.src = "https://interactive.guim.co.uk/atoms/2025/06/2025-horizontal-gallery-gsap/horizontal-gallery-standard-styling/v/1788776850/app.js"; document.body.appendChild(el); })(); Inside the Great Hall of St Bartholomew’s North Wing, alongside stately portraits of the apostle from whom London’s oldest hospital takes its name and King Henry VIII, extravagant commemorative boards adorn the walls. The Great Hall was a grand, formal space where governors weighed their philanthropic donations and drafted their wills, many while investing in the stock of companies built on the trafficking of enslaved Africans. Today, many of those donors are commemorated in acrylic gold paint on the boards. The Register of British Slave Traders, a joint venture between Lancaster University, the University of Manchester and University College London, includes biographical data on every known investor in Britain’s transatlantic trafficking of enslaved African people from the 16th to 19th centuries. It reveals how wealthy individuals, often enriched by the proceeds from racialised chattel enslavement, donated to hundreds of church parishes and helped to fund schools, hospitals and charities across the country. Prof William Pettigrew, who led the project, said the register had established connections with roughly 900 organisations. “Most of those organisations sought to improve the lives of ordinary Britons,” he added. The register reveals at least 50 people with deep financial ties to St Barts who are directly linked to this history. Among the names etched on to the boards in the Great Hall is Sir Jeffrey Jeffreys, a London merchant who left an unspecified sum to the hospital in his will. In 1694, the Jeffreys-funded ship Hannibal, commanded by Capt Thomas Phillips, docked in Barbados. This concluded a harrowing journey in which only 372 of the 700 enslaved African people bought at Whydah (Ouidah in modern-day Benin) survived the Atlantic crossing.

The underlying catalysts behind these events trace back to evolving structural dynamics across the Global Politics landscape. Over recent quarters, multilateral authorities and market participants have navigated mounting volatility, heightening the urgency of coordinated responses and policy alignment.

Senior analysts and industry stakeholders underscore that strategic transparency remains paramount. As institutional delegations evaluate risk models and operational contingencies, secondary dispatches indicate that further compliance directives and consultative reviews will be initiated in the coming cycle.

Broader economic and regulatory ramifications are projected to ripple across interconnected regional ecosystems. Market analysts note that supply chains, capital allocations, and policy frameworks must swiftly assimilate these verified updates to insulate against systemic bottlenecks.

The Global Post's editorial desk will continue rigorous monitoring of this developing story, with periodic updates provided as official statements and primary documentation are released by relevant governing bodies.

Topical Tags:#Global Politics#The Guardian#Global News#Market Analysis
Primary wire reporting curated via The Guardian.View Source Dispatch
Advertisement

Related Dispatches in Global Politics

Wild dogs record 2,500-mile trek across Africa in search of a mat...
Global Politics
via BBC News
9h ago1 min read

Wild dogs record 2,500-mile trek across Africa in search of a mat...

In an authoritative briefing verified via BBC News, Scientists say the record-breaking journey by three brothers offers hope wildlife can survive growing pressures. A pack of African wild dogs has completed a record-breaking 2,485-mile (4000km) journey across the continent. Scientists say it is the furthest recorded distance for any African land mammal searching for a mate, offering hope that wildlife can travel across vast distances despite growing human pressures. The three brothers zigzagged across Zambia, navigating a landscape. Global policy observers continue assessing the strategic trajectory and broader market reverberations.

#Global Politics#BBC News
Details →
Africa’s richest man aiming to make $23bn from continent’s bigges...
Global Politics
via The Guardian
10h ago1 min read

Africa’s richest man aiming to make $23bn from continent’s bigges...

In an authoritative briefing verified via The Guardian, Public offering of Aliko Dangote’s Nigerian oil refinery business could swell his net wealth by two-thirds The fortune of Africa’s richest person could swell by two thirds to nearly $60bn (£44bn) after his refinery in Nigeria listed publicly in the continent’s biggest-ever initial public offering. If Monday’s flotation of Dangote Petroleum Refinery and Petrochemicals on the Nigerian exchange goes to plan, then Aliko Dangote will add a further $23bn (£17bn). Global policy observers continue assessing the strategic trajectory and broader market reverberations.

#Global Politics#The Guardian
Details →
China criticises idea it is in 'malicious competition' over AI...
Global Politics
via BBC News
11h ago1 min read

China criticises idea it is in 'malicious competition' over AI...

In an authoritative briefing verified via BBC News, It follows the Anthropic CEO 's calls for a slowdown in AI development, in a way that China doesn't pull ahead. China has hit out against what it has called "threat narratives" over AI governance and warned against "engaging in confrontation and malicious competition". It follows Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei's calls for a slowdown in AI development - but in a way that prevents China from pulling ahead in the. Global policy observers continue assessing the strategic trajectory and broader market reverberations.

#Global Politics#BBC News
Details →